Berenguela of Castile

Berenguela of Castile About Berenguela of Castile Known for: job in the progression of Castile and Leon; official of Castile for her sibling Enrique I Occupation: quickly, sovereign of LeonDates: January/June 1, 1180 - November 8, 1246Also known as: Berengaria of Castile Increasingly About Berenguela of Castile Berenguela was destined to King Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor Plantagenet, Queen of Castile. An organized union with Conrad II of Swabia didn't occur; he was killed in 1196 preceding the marriage was held. Berenguelas Marriage In 1197, Berenguela was hitched rather to Alfonso IX of Leon, her endowment including lands were settlement of a contention among Leon and Castile. In 1198, the Pope expelled the couple on grounds of affiliation. The couple had five youngsters before they broke down the marriage in 1204 to expel their suspension. Berenguela moved back to her dads Castilian court, with her youngsters. Berenguela and Castile At the point when her dad, Alfonso VIII, kicked the bucket in 1214, her mom Eleanors sorrow was incredible to such an extent that Berenguela needed to deal with the internment of Alfonso. Eleanor kicked the bucket not exactly a month after her significant other did. Berenguela then got official for her young sibling, Enrique (Henry) I. Enrique kicked the bucket in 1217, executed by a falling rooftop tile. Berenguela, the oldest little girl of Alfonso VIII, repudiated her own case to the seat for her child, Ferdinand III, later to be sanctified as Saint Ferdinand. Berenguela and Alfonso IX - Battles Over Succession Berenguelas previous spouse, Alfonso IX, accepted he reserved the option to govern Castile, and he assaulted Berenguela and Ferdinand who won the fight. Berenguela and Alfonso IX likewise battled about who might succeed Alfonso in Leon. He needed his little girls by his first spouse to be favored in the progression. Alfonso attempted to wed one of these senior girls to John of Brienne, a French aristocrat and crusader who had been named King of Jerusalem. Be that as it may, John chose rather Berenguela of Leon, a little girl of Alfonso by his second spouse Berenguela of Castile. A portion of their descendents became Englands House of Lancaster. Unification Under Ferdinand When Alfonso IX of Leon kicked the bucket in 1230, Ferdinand and his mom Berenguela arranged a settlement with Ferdinands relatives, and he united Leon and Castile. Berenguela of Castile stayed a functioning counsel of her child, Ferdinand III. Foundation, Family: Mother: Eleanor, Queen of Castile, a girl of Henry II of England and Eleanor of AquitaineFather: Alfonso VIII of CastileSiblings included: Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal; Blanche of Castile, Queen of France; Mafalda; Constanza; Eleanor of Castile; Enrique (Henry) I of Castile Marriage, Children: Spouse: King Alfonso IX of Leon (wedded 1197-1204)Children:EleanorFerdinand IIIAlfonsoBerengariaConstance

Recommendation Report Essay Example For Students

Suggestion Report Essay Rules for the Recommendation Report Your groups target archive is a cooperatively composed proposal report which remarks upon the potential for either the development and support of a Web webpage (practicality study) or corrections to a previously existing page (ease of use study). This archive ought to adequately intercede between the customers needs and the courses objectives for this undertaking. Your groups work ought to reflect thought of both the customers wants and assets and the classs standards for the examination and creation of an expert proposal report. Your finished first Draft of the Recommendation Report is expected Sunday, December first at 9pm. Understudies will peruse the reports in anticipation of in-class peer survey on Monday, December 2. The last draft of your proposal report is expected by 6pm on Friday, December 6. Headings for Submission: You ought to bring the printed rendition of the task to ENAD 233. The electronic variant (and every single supporting document, assuming any) ought to be sent to me (and all colleagues) by 6pm too. Email my duplicate to [emailprotected] du. Purposes The reason for the report is to impart legitimately to the customer, both outwardly and verbally, practical advances that its association could take so as to all the more likely use the possibilities of the Web for advancement, web based business, documenting data, or customer relations. Your suggestions should center upon a couple of all around explored alternatives that the customer could execute right away. These alternatives, be that as it may, likewise should improve the customers long haul Web interchanges plans. We will compose a custom exposition on Recommendation Report explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Despite the fact that you may need to give some consideration to calculated issues, for example, ISPs, programming programs, and such, your report ought not just comprise of a how-to manual for making essential Web pages. Allude the customer to such data and spotlight rather on proposals espcially fit to the customers objectives and logical setting. It is normal that all groups will present their report to the endless supply of the undertaking as an expert courtest and to respond for the cooperative attitude of the customer in working with Purdue University understudies. Report segments Your 7-9 page (excluding reference sections), single-separated, full-blocked report ought to incorporate visuals all through and will have 7 principle segments: 1. Cover sheet 2. Outline 3. Examinations 4. Proposals * Description * Rationale * Plan 5. Cost Analyses 6. Rundown of Resources 7. Informative supplements Description of report segments Your suggestion report, tended to legitimately to the customer, must incorporate the accompanying areas. Cover sheet Should incorporate the title of the report, the customer for which the report is delivered, the creators names, and the date on which the report is submitted to the customer. Review Ought to give a short depiction of the report, including a general examination of the customers needs and the groups proposed reactions to those necessities. Investigation Should contextualize the report inside the bigger task. This area ought to give a concise history of your field research. This conversation ought to contextualize your groups research with the goal that the customer can more readily comprehend the procedure that your group followed so as to figure its proposals. Proposals As referenced over, your group should feature a couple of sensible choices that the customer can actualize so as to meet its drawn out Web correspondence objectives. Regardless of whether you are leading an achievability or ease of use study, every one of your proposals ought to incorporate the accompanying 3 segments: a portrayal ought to disclose to the customer the means or activities that you are supporting. Your portrayal ought to give explicit subtleties from your exploration in relationship to the customers setting and needs. a method of reasoning ought to clarify the why of your help of this specific activity; disclose to the customer both why your group considers this to be as attainable and how this activity will profit the customer both quickly and in the long haul. plan ought to portray to the customer the particular advances vital for the usage and support of this suggested activity. Your conversation ought to likewise incorporate a time period for these means. Once more, give explicit subtleties from your field research. Cost examinations Should give an investigation and gauge of the cost factors associated with your customers execu tion and upkeep of your groups proposals. Notwithstanding your composed synopsis, your group ought to give this data to the customer as table(s) which separate the expenses for every proposal, just as for all the suggestions consolidated. .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f , .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f .postImageUrl , .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f , .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f:hover , .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f:visited , .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f:active { border:0!important; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f:active , .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad 1dbd9eb3f .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0d2863bfab2a06745b89cad1dbd9eb3f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Mac Beth EssaySome cost components to consider incorporate work force, equipment, programming, web get to, support, and so forth. Rundown of sources Should reference all inside and outer sources counseled all through the examination procedure including those sources identified with expenses and uses. These sources ought to be organized after APA or MLA style rules (simply be predictable). For guidelines, counsel Purdues Online Writing Lab. Reference sections Should incorporate records that help and upgrade your proposals to the customer. Potential connections incorporate specialized documentation, directions, glossaries, outlines of pages, a chart of potential Web page format, and so forth. May likewise allude to: * Addendum, any option to a record, for example, a book or lawful agreement * Bibliography, an efficient rundown of books and different works * Index (distributing), a rundown of words or expressions with pointers to where related material can be found in a report * Specifically, a book added to the furthest limit of a book or an article, containing data that is critical to, yet isn't the primary thought of, the principle text

The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay -- Human Resour

Presentation In today’s business condition, the multifaceted nature of worldwide business has expanded and global rivalry has been featured as a fundamental component for worldwide firms (MNCs). Along these lines, so as to increase upper hand, different assets are used, for example, budgetary capital, innovation area or human asset (HR). In addition, HR could be appeared as one of the most significant asset which has likewise become a focal point of consideration of ranking directors in MNCs. As recommended by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can increase upper hand through utilization of HR practice, for example, preparing, remuneration, socialization, determination, execution evaluation and vocation improvement, as long as different firms can't copy their endeavors effectively and rapidly. In any case, while HR practices and strategies are performing across nations, culture would be a key point. Culture can be characterized at the national, yet in addition at the gathering, hierarchical, and even w orldwide level. Every one of these societies effectsly affect the decision and productivity of HR approaches and practices. Among national and different kinds of culture, in this manner, should be partitioned unmistakably on the grounds that national culture makes a one of a kind commitment to understanding HR arrangements and practices. In this way, there is no uncertainty that national culture is a key factor on HR practices or polices, as a useful action in universal business. In this paper, the job and impacts of national culture in HR will be talked about right off the bat. And afterward the potential issues that MCNs may have in the event that they don't consider national culture as a key factor in HRM achievement. In the last stage, the arrangement of those issues will be introduced in this paper. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HU... ...aeger, A. M. (1986) ‘Organization advancement and national culture: Where's the fit? , ‘ in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 178-190. Slope, C.W.L. (2005) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (fifth ed.), New York: Mc Graw-Hill/Irwin Hofstede, G. (1993) ‘Cultural compels in the board theories,’ in Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, Iss. 1, pp. 81-93. MacMillan, I. C. (1984) ‘Gaining upper hand through human asset the executives practice,’ in Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, Iss. 1, pp. 241-255. Punnett, B. J. and Ricks, D. A. (1992) International business, Boston: PWSKent. Schuler, R. S. and Jackson S. E. (1994) ‘Convergence or difference: Human asset practices and arrangements for upper hand worldwide,’ in International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, pp. 267-99. The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay - Human Resour Presentation In today’s business condition, the unpredictability of universal business has expanded and global rivalry has been featured as a basic component for worldwide firms (MNCs). Subsequently, so as to increase upper hand, different assets are used, for example, money related capital, innovation area or human asset (HR). Additionally, HR could be appeared as one of the most significant asset which has likewise become a focal point of consideration of ranking directors in MNCs. As recommended by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can increase upper hand through utilization of HR practice, for example, preparing, remuneration, socialization, choice, execution examination and vocation advancement, as long as different firms can't copy their endeavors effectively and rapidly. Be that as it may, while HR practices and approaches are performing across nations, culture would be a key point. Culture can be characterized at the national, yet additionally at the gathering, hierarchical, and even universal level. Every one of these societies effectsly affect the decision and proficiency of HR strategies and practices. Among national and different kinds of culture, subsequently, should be isolated obviously in light of the fact that national culture makes a one of a kind commitment to understanding HR approaches and practices. Subsequently, there is no uncertainty that national culture is a key factor on HR practices or polices, as an utilitarian action in worldwide business. In this paper, the job and impacts of national culture in HR will be examined right off the bat. And afterward the potential issues that MCNs may have on the off chance that they don't consider national culture as a key factor in HRM achievement. In the last stage, the arrangement of those issues will be introduced in this paper. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HU... ...aeger, A. M. (1986) ‘Organization improvement and national culture: Where's the fit? , ‘ in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 178-190. Slope, C.W.L. (2005) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (fifth ed.), New York: Mc Graw-Hill/Irwin Hofstede, G. (1993) ‘Cultural obliges in the executives theories,’ in Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, Iss. 1, pp. 81-93. MacMillan, I. C. (1984) ‘Gaining upper hand through human asset the board practice,’ in Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, Iss. 1, pp. 241-255. Punnett, B. J. and Ricks, D. A. (1992) International business, Boston: PWSKent. Schuler, R. S. and Jackson S. E. (1994) ‘Convergence or disparity: Human asset practices and approaches for upper hand worldwide,’ in International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, pp. 267-99. The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay - Human Resour Presentation In today’s business condition, the multifaceted nature of global business has expanded and universal rivalry has been featured as a basic component for worldwide firms (MNCs). In this way, so as to increase upper hand, different assets are used, for example, budgetary capital, innovation area or human asset (HR). In addition, HR could be appeared as one of the most significant asset which has likewise become a focal point of consideration of ranking directors in MNCs. As recommended by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can increase upper hand through utilization of HR practice, for example, preparing, pay, socialization, determination, execution examination and vocation advancement, as long as different firms can't copy their endeavors effectively and rapidly. Notwithstanding, while HR practices and arrangements are performing across nations, culture would be a key point. Culture can be characterized at the national, yet in addition at the gathering, hierarchical, and even global level. E very one of these societies effectsly affect the decision and effectiveness of HR arrangements and practices. Among national and different sorts of culture, along these lines, should be separated plainly in light of the fact that national culture makes a one of a kind commitment to understanding HR arrangements and practices. In this way, there is no uncertainty that national culture is a key factor on HR practices or polices, as an utilitarian action in global business. In this paper, the job and impacts of national culture in HR will be examined right off the bat. And afterward the potential issues that MCNs may have in the event that they don't consider national culture as a key factor in HRM achievement. In the last stage, the arrangement of those issues will be introduced in this paper. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HU... ...aeger, A. M. (1986) ‘Organization advancement and national culture: Where's the fit? , ‘ in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 178-190. Slope, C.W.L. (2005) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (fifth ed.), New York: Mc Graw-Hill/Irwin Hofstede, G. (1993) ‘Cultural compels in the executives theories,’ in Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, Iss. 1, pp. 81-93. MacMillan, I. C. (1984) ‘Gaining upper hand through human asset the executives practice,’ in Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, Iss. 1, pp. 241-255. Punnett, B. J. and Ricks, D. A. (1992) International business, Boston: PWSKent. Schuler, R. S. and Jackson S. E. (1994) ‘Convergence or disparity: Human asset practices and arrangements for upper hand worldwide,’ in International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, pp. 267-99.

TMA04 B202 Accounting & Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TMA04 B202 Accounting and Finance - Essay Example The name Tesco first showed up over a shop in Edgware in 1929 and from that point forward the organization has developed and created, reacting to new chances and spearheading in numerous advancements. By the mid 1990s Tesco confronted solid rivalry and required another procedure. We were acceptable at purchasing and selling merchandise however had started to overlook the clients. Sir Terry Leahy, who got Chief Executive in 1997, asked clients the basic inquiry - what are we fouling up?. We at that point put resources into the things that issue to clients. For instance, we propelled our reliability conspire Clubcard and Tesco.com, our web home shopping administration. Going the additional mile for clients has been vital to our development. We need to make clients lives simpler and better in any capacity we can. We need to interest each client and give them motivation to return to Tesco. Initially represent considerable authority in food and drink, it has broadened into territories, for example, attire, buyer gadgets, money related administrations, telecoms, home, wellbeing and vehicle protection, dental plans, retailing and leasing DVDs,[4] CDs, music downloads, Internet administrations and software.(Tesco plc) Among its nearby rivals most noteworthy ones are Morrisons,Sainsbury and Asda. The accompanying diagram shows Tesco’s pieces of the pie locally(TESCO MAIN SUBMISSION TO THE COMPETITION COMMISSION (CC) INQUIRY INTO THE UK GROCERY RETAILING) As per TNS World board Tescos portion of the UK basic food item showcase in the 12 weeks to 30 November 2008 was 30.9%, up 4.3% on 12 weeks to 2 December 2007. Over all classes, over  £1 in each  £7 (14.3%) of UK retail deals is spent at Tesco. Tesco additionally works abroad, and non-UK income for the year to 24 February 2007 was up 18% on 25 February 2006. Wal bazaar had deals of $287bn ( £160bn) in 2004-5, more than its three nearest matches put together(Deloitte 2006 Global Retailing Powers study). Walmart had placed its feet in China.Following suit Tesco forcefully extended in China, while Wal-Mart intends to recruit

Prevention Suicide People Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

Avoidance Suicide People Mental Health And Social Care Essay Self destruction is characterized as the procedure including one consummation his/her own life. There are different sorts of self destruction which can make it fairly hard to help characterize the term. Conventional self destruction is alluded to those people who plan or follow up on foolish musings and emotions while under huge pressure. Helped self destruction is another term where a doctor may assist an at death's door individual with dieing, keeping away from an up and coming, unavoidable and conceivably difficult decrease. The World Health Organization (WHO) characterizes psychological wellness as a condition of prosperity in which the individual understands their own capacities, can adapt to the typical worries of life, can work beneficially and productively, and can make a commitment to their own locale (Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/, 2010). The pace of self destruction in the UK is proceeding to fall where figures came to their most reduced in 2007 for the two people. Self destruction rates in 2008 were marginally higher than those seen in 2007 where 5,706 suicides were recorded anyway in 2009 there was a slight abatement were 5,675 suicides were recorded in the UK (Statistics O. f., Suicide rates in the United Kingdom, 2011). In spite of the fact that self destruction rates are viewed as rather low when contrasted with the early years, for example, the period between 1990-2000, there is as yet a significant worry in the quantity of suicides submitted every year. The commonness of self destruction in the UK is still rather high and stays a significant worry because of the quantity of individuals going to clinic in the wake of having endeavored self destruction. The pace of men ending it all is assessed to be around 75% of the men in the UK, where men matured 25-34 are at most elevated danger of self destruction, trailed by men matured 35-44. Self destruction is considered as the second most incessant reason for death inside men matured between 15-44, after unintentional passing (NHS Choices , 2009). Self destruction and youngsters is likewise regular inside individuals matured 15-24, where incidental passing is commonly the reason for death followed by self destruction. Figures state around 7-14% of youngsters will self-hurt at one point in their life (NHS Choices , 2009). Self destruction is serious issue with regards to the old since figures in 2006 demonstrated that 217 individuals matured 80 or over ended their own lives which likened to 5.2% of in general passings from suicides (NHS Choices , 2009). Looking at the self destruction rates in 2008 among people, there were 17.7 suicides per 100,000 populace in men and 5.4 per 100,000 in ladies, in this manner demonstrating men were multiple times bound to end it all than ladies (Statistics O. f., Suicide rates in the United Kingdom, 2010). Insights are at present as they stand where ladies are more averse to end it all than men, as ladies are bound to report indications of normal emotional well-being issues rather than men in this manner they get fitting treatment be it drugs or potentially treatment (Statistics N. , 2003). Conceivable hazard factors for self destruction: A past endeavor at self destruction Conceivable introduction to self-destructive conduct of others (companions, family or media figures) Family ancestry of self destruction Family ancestry of substance misuse Substance misuse Imprisonment Brutality inside the family (physical or sexual) Family ancestry of mental issue Despondency or other mental issue When managing self destruction numerous people who have lost a friend or family member in some cases wonder in the event that they could have forestalled it or a few people may even reprimand themselves for the fundamental driver of self destruction in others. Accordingly this self accusing may prompt conduct changes which could speak to itself as a diminishing in the people capacity to communicate feelings. The individuals who experience lamenting experience a progression of feelings which could render them rather touchy, the individuals who do encounter these feelings now and again become focused upon the way that they might be associated with the demise in some way hence feeling self destruction might be the main choice to compensate for what they accept is all their shortcoming. Watching self destruction rates and the conceivable hazard factors behind self destruction, investigate has indicated that dominant part of individuals who do end it all or endeavor to end it all really have a psychological sickness where the basic reason is discouragement. Following despondency, 10-15% of individuals influenced by bipolar confusion will end it all followed by 4% of individuals with schizophrenia ending it all not long after their sickness starts (NHS Choices , 2009). The most widely recognized kinds of psychological wellness issues presently in the UK are: (Organization, mhGAP Intervention Guide, 2010) Uneasiness State of mind issue Dietary issues Maniacal clutters Drive control and fixation issue Psychological instability has appeared to assume a pivotal job and is potentially the primary encouraging component in forestalling suicides. Research considers (expressed prior) have appeared to frame a connection between self destruction rates and mental issue which prompts recommend that if the proper assistance and backing is given to those psychological sicknesses then conceivable there could be a decay or anticipation in the quantity of suicides seen every year. Wretchedness is the main source of self destruction in individuals with emotional well-being issues accordingly individuals in this psyche of edge are ordinarily of low state of mind and may every so often have contemplations of self destruction. Thusly on the off chance that we treat the psychological issue, at that point it can make sense that musings of self destruction may likewise vanish. Forestalling self destruction isnt basic and individuals who do encounter scenes of despondency or reoccurring contemplations of self destruction ought to be managed effectively and as quickly as time permits to forestall mischief to them yet in addition to other people. Emphasize that individuals are reminded that help is constantly accessible any place and at whatever point they need it and numerous medicinal services proficient, for example, GPs or Pharmacists are there available to them. In spite of the fact that GPs and Pharmacists are qualified medicinal services experts they despite everything may not be completely able in furnishing exhortation in circumstances including individuals with emotional wellness issue. Experts that are uncertain whether an individual really is intellectually sick and may likewise be self-destructive can even now have an influence by giving assistance and support and alluding them to progressively qualified individual for conclusion. Self destruction counteraction can be brought out through numerous strategies, for example, utilizing drugs (antidepressants) or talking treatments (directing or subjective conduct treatment). The individuals who are depicted as having a psychological issue, have the shrouded weight of disgrace and separation regularly looked by those with mental scatters. The term dysfunctional behavior can be fairly deceptive as in spite of the fact that these issues can emerge from organic or clinical commitments they can likewise result from a progression of complex cooperations of natural, mental or social variables. Additionally numerous ailments experienced by people may contrast somewhat from typical classes used to depict dysfunctional behaviors in this manner here and there a genuine finding can't be resolved or might be deceiving. Besides, when diagnosing individuals as having an emotional well-being issue there is no widespread concurred cut off point between ordinary conduct and that which is related with psychological instability. In this way on the off chance that it is difficult to determine individuals to have a psychological instability, at that point it does likewise make it somewhat hard to keep suicides from happening aswell (establishment, 2010). Psychological maladjustment can prompt inappropriate musings, for example, self destruction the same number of people may feel its not worth living on the off chance that they need to experience emotions which make their personal satisfaction rather unsuitable. Measures which can be taken to help battle such musings and help adapt to sentiments of bitterness, depression or simply broad low self of regard can include: Concentrating on specific things which help move your psyche from contrary contemplations, for example, associating with individuals who you by and large play around with, ruining yourself with new fabrics/food, or doing profound breathing activities. Animating the brain and body through performing light activities, taking a stroll outside of the house to get some natural air and to get a difference in climate, arranging the day to guarantee efficiency and attempt to keep up your standard resting design. Maintain a strategic distance from depressants, for example, liquor or illicit medications which may feel useful from the outset yet long haul impacts can cause discouragement and once in a while tension, besides you may settle on choices that you typically would view as perilous/silly. Associating to remain associated with the world can help forestall sentiments of entanglement, additionally conversing with individuals about any emotions you might be encountering can help and investing energy with companions to battle against dejection. Concentrating on positive things throughout your life instead of lamenting what could or ought to have been. Go to help/self improvement gatherings and offer comparable encounters with individuals in a similar circumstance as yourself and perceive how they deal with their day. Contrasting the probability of who is bound to create psychological well-being issues, it was accounted for that ladies get more treatment for emotional wellness issues than men, anyway examines decided this was primarily because of ladies being bound to report their indications as opposed to endure peacefully which numerous men tend do. Discouragement is additionally thought to assume a fundamental job in the advancement of self destruction, where 1 of every 4 ladies will require treatment for wretchedness, while just 1 out of 10 men will require treatment. Diagnosing gloom in people is to some degree troublesome process and can in some cases be under analyzed on the grounds that they may present to their GP with various side effects or perhaps because of social or natural variables, along these lines conceivably demonstrating men bound to become determined to have discouragement. A typical psychological well-being issue that additionally happens more in ladies than men is tension, over the top habitual issue and expanded odds of creating fears. Then again, men are bound to build up a liquor or illicit drug use looked at t

Individualistic Cultures and Behavior

Individualistic Cultures and Behavior Theories Social Psychology Print Individualistic Cultures and Behavior By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 19, 2019 More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Culture is one factor that can have an influence on how people think and behave. One factor that cross-cultural psychologists often study involves the differences and similarities between individualistic cultures and collectivist cultures. Individualistic cultures are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. In this type of culture, people are seen as independent and autonomous. Social behavior tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals. Cultures in North America and Western Europe tend to be individualistic. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell A Closer Look at Individualistic Cultures Chances are you have probably heard the terms individualistic and collectivist cultures before, often in the context of noting behavior and attitude  differences between the two types of societies. So what exactly makes individualistic cultures different from collectivist ones? A few common characteristics of  individualistic cultures include: Individual rights take center stageIndependence is highly valuedBeing dependent upon others is often considered shameful or embarrassingPeople tend to be self-reliantThe rights of individuals tend to take a higher precedencePeople often place a greater emphasis on standing out and being unique In individualistic cultures, people are  considered good if they are strong, self-reliant, assertive, and independent. This contrasts with  collectivist cultures where characteristics like being self-sacrificing, dependable, generous, and helpful to others are of greater importance. A few countries that are considered individualistic cultures include the United States, Germany, Ireland, South Africa, and Australia. How Do Individualistic Cultures Differ From Collectivist Cultures? Individualist cultures are frequently compared and contrasted with the more collectivist cultures. Where collectivism stresses the importance of the group and social cooperation, individualism prizes things such as: UniquenessIndependenceSelf-sufficiencyAutonomy Where people in collectivist cultures might be more likely to turn to family and friends for support during difficult times, those living in more individualist cultures are more likely to go it alone. Individualistic cultures stress that people should be able to solve problems or accomplish goals on their own without having to rely on assistance from others. People are often expected to pull themselves up by their bootstraps when they encounter setbacks. This tendency to focus on personal identity and autonomy is a pervasive part of a culture that can have a profound influence on how a society functions. For example, workers in an individualist culture are more likely to value their own well-being over the good of the group. Contrast this with a collectivist culture where people might sacrifice their own comfort for the greater good of everyone else. Such differences can influence nearly every aspect of behavior ranging from the career a person chooses, the products they buy, and the social issues that they care about. Approaches to health care, for example, are influenced by these tendencies. Individualist cultures stress the importance of each person taking care of his or her self without depending on others for assistance. Those in collectivist cultures may instead stress sharing the burden of care with the group as a whole. The Effects of Individualistic Cultures on Behavior The effect that culture has on individual behavior is a major topic of interest in the field of cross-cultural psychology. Cross-cultural psychologists study how different cultural factors influence individual behavior. They often focus on things that are universal among different cultures of the world, as well as differences among societies. One interesting phenomenon that cross-cultural psychologists have observed is how people from individualist cultures describe themselves compared to how those from collectivist cultures describe themselves. People from individualist society have self-concepts that are more focused on independence rather than interdependence. As a result, they tend to describe themselves in terms of their unique personal characteristics and traits. A person from an individualistic culture might say I am analytical, sarcastic, and athletic. This can be contrasted with self-descriptions from people living in collectivist societies, who would be more likely to say something like, I am a good husband and loyal friend. Just how much do these self-descriptions vary depending upon culture? Research conducted by Ma and Schoenemann found that while 60 percent of Kenyans (a collectivist culture) described themselves in terms of their roles within groups while 48 percent of Americans (an individualist culture) used personal characteristics to describe themselves. A Word From Verywell Psychologists have become more aware of the powerful influence that culture can have on individual and group behavior. In order to understand just how strong these influences can be, it is essential to look at both the similarities and differences between collectivist and individualist cultures.

How to Write IELTS Cause and Effect Essay

How to Write IELTS Cause and Effect Essay Here is an example of an IELTS cause effect writing task: Today more people are overweight than ever before. What measures can be taken to overcome this epidemic? What in your opinion are the primary causes of this? The first and most important step is that you must start generating some ideas. You can now clearly see that the problem is: growing number of obese people. Now start thinking about 2-3 effects and 2-3 causes. Effects of Obesity: Social and mental problems. Health concerns. Depression and lack of productivity. Causes of Obesity: Unhealthy eating habits like eating fast and junk food, beverages that contain high calories, irregular eating, and eating large portions of food. Laziness and inactive lifestyle like not going to the gym or not doing sports or relying on transportation instead of walking. And now start using these ideas in your essay.

Becoming a Teacher

Example of a Physician Profile - 927 Words

Physician Profile Dr. xxx is a renowned consultant oncologist at the Radium Cancer Hospital, Ranchi in India. He has set up regular camps in order to create cancer awareness. With the fellow members of his oncologist team in Radium Cancer Hospital he has successfully executed the free cancer medical camp and diagnosis for the last four years. He is a member of American Society of Clinical Oncology and lifetime member of Association of Radiation Oncologists of India. He has 9 years experience in Radiation Oncology. Specialization: Medical Oncology. Areas of Specialization: Radiation Oncology, Surgical Oncology, Medical Oncology. Location: Ranchi, India. Work Experience 2010 to till date ïÆ'Ëœ Joined as Consultant Oncologist at Radium Cancer Hospital, Ranchi on July 2010. ïÆ'Ëœ Joined as Consultant Oncologist at Alam Hospital and Research Center, Ranchi on May 2010. 2009 to 2010 ïÆ'Ëœ Worked as Consultant Oncologist at Raj Hospital and Research Hospital, Ranchi, Jharkhand from December 2009 to May 2010. ïÆ'Ëœ Worked as Junior Consultant Oncologist at Curie ARA Cancer Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand from September 2009 to November 2009. ïÆ'Ëœ Worked as Senior Resident in the Department of Radiotherapy at Mahavir Cancer Institute and Research Center, Patna from June 2009 to September 2009. 2006 to 2009 ïÆ'Ëœ Worked as Postgraduate Resident in the Department of Radiotherapy at Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi from May 2006 to April 2009. Conferences attended withShow MoreRelatedPhysician Profiling And The Sacred Aim Of Increasing Health Care Quality1388 Words   |  6 PagesWritten Assignment Your Name Course/Number Date Instructor Name Types of Physician profiling in use Physician profiling was introduced with the sacred aim of increasing health care quality. Using the same idea as sale and marketing for sale items, the related companies measure and grade the services provided by the physicians to provide the best care. There are outcomes to this grading system. 1) The physicians monitor and diagnose patients more carefully and tend to be more accurateRead MoreDoctors and Facebook: Is There a Privacy Risk?807 Words   |  3 Pagesprotect patient privacy in their personal online interactions. Doctors with a Facebook profile could be jeopardizing their relationship with patients if they dont correctly use the websites privacy settings, according to a study in the Journal of Medical Ethics (Doctors and Facebook: Is there a privacy risk, 2010, CNN). The Journal found in its study of 200 young residents that the majority had Facebook profiles with real names, birth dates, a personal photograph which made the comments that theyRead MoreHarvard Business School Case Study - Intermountain Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagessupport tools (protocols) that helped medical providers determine the best medical interventions for each patient and also increase efficiencies† (Bohmer, 2002). Between 1986 and 1996, IHC made two attempts to establi sh a self-governance model for its physicians, both of which proved unsuccessful. However, through an iterative, continuous process-improvement program highly focused on medical personnel education, IHC was eventually able to establish â€Å"quality (defined as process management with measured outcomes)Read MoreImproving Patient Care1544 Words   |  7 Pagesassurance of electronic patient health information. Telehealth or telemedicine is a term used for giving or receiving health care over a distance, for example, computers, video, and email. Telemedicine is increasing rapidly within the health care field. Telemedicine has a variety of applications that are used in many different places, for example, jails, schools, and hospitals. Doctors are able to see their patients virtually and this is cost effective and convenient for the doctor and the patientRead MoreThe Electronic Health Records911 Words   |  4 PagesHealth records also allow for physicians to make notes on a patientspatient’s page about his or her prescriptions or any other information that other physicians should know about them before assessing them and eliminating errors such as double prescriptions that could lead to dangerous effects such as overdose. In fact in some previous or recent cases where the doctors do not look at the electronic health records of a patients purchases at the pharmacy through for example, PharmaNet there have beenRead MoreHealth Information And Communication Technologies Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthe healthcare i ndustry can achieve the following goals: improve healthcare quality and safety, reduce costs and health disparities, enhance clinical research, and ensure security of patient health information (McGonigle Mastrian, 2015). Several examples of HICTs include: electronic medical record systems, electronic prescribing, consumer health applications, and telehealth (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ], 2015). Integration of HICTs in healthcare settings is valuable for all cliniciansRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Apotex1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment, manufacturing and distribution divisions (â€Å"About Apotex†, 2017). Moreover, it is one of the top twelve research and development companies in Canada and has a global presence through exports and strategic alliances (Apotex Inc. - Complete profile - Canadian Company Capabilities - Industries and Business - Industry Canada, 2017). Apotex started as a producer of generic medicinal drugs, however, today it â€Å"researches, develops, manufactures and distributes fine chemicals, non-prescription andRead MoreMy Personal Creative Thinking Profile989 Words   |  4 PagesMy personal creative thinking profile consists mainly of implementing and clarifying. Based on the Tapping into Our Creative Thinking Skills to Manage Complex Problems my first and second preferences are implementer and clarifier, respectively. I have always been an implementer, focused primarily on making moves in order to put ideas to work. I enjoy seeing the results of my plans in action. For example, as the president of Global Brigades, a medical mission’s organization, I spend less time talkingRead MoreChanges in Healthcare Delivery Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesdelivery regarding managed care and quality improvement. Ethical controversies regarding stem cell research and human cloning. Healthcare Administration sampling and Implicat ions of Market Profiles. Analyze how each has changed healthcare delivery on both the macro and micro levels. Provide specific examples of how both macro and micro impacts/changes: (a) Managed care and (b) Total quality improvement. On a micro level, although many Americans say theyre satisfied with healthcare and healthcareRead MoreDifferences Among Source Oriented Records, Problem Oriented Records, and Integrated Records.713 Words   |  3 PagesMany facilities and physician offices maintain patient records in a paper format known as a manual record. A variety of formats are used to maintain manual records, including the source oriented records (SOR), problem oriented records (POR), and integrated records. In a source oriented medical record (SOR), the information about a patients care and illness is organized according to the source of the information within the record, that is, if it is recorded by the physician, the nurse, or data

Hawthorne and Poe’s Pessimistic Views on Society - 1326 Words

The way we read and interpret a novel lies within the novel itself, so is the literature that generates the criticism. The most commonly thing between the transcendentalists and anti-transcendentalists is the association of the society and the people themselves. Despite anti-transcendentalists who represent the consequences of personal isolation, transcendentalists tend to manifest in their writings the personal freedom from the isolation of the social associations. Basically what they believed was that any person was greater and more powerful than any other institution. Nathaniel Hawthorne in his novel â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† chooses a Puritan minister, Mr. Hooper to withdraw from everything pleasant in his life, and to be much more a†¦show more content†¦One fact about Poe is that he writes in the first person, whether as Hawthorne writes in the third person, and this is one of their differences as dark-romanticists. Poe uses the first-person narrati on in order to make the reader be more comfortable with his characters and more likely to feel and live what the protagonists in the story are feeling. Hawthorne with his third person narration storytelling tries to involve all of us in his ideas. He wants us to see inside our selves, to compare ourselves with the protagonist in his stories. Hawthorne themes are the focus of evil, human sins associated by the inspiration of human freedom and a host of psychological situations of the characters. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† is a story for a typical Puritan setting. It is noted a clarified Calvinism as a maturity religion sort of wove into the story as we go along. It is in fact about a minister, Mr. Hooper, in a small town and this measure one day shows up for his congregation in a black veil. â€Å"Mr. Hooper had the reputation of a good preacher, but not an energetic one: he strove to win his people heavenward by mild, persuasive influences, rather than to drive them thither by the thunders of the Word.† (Hawthorne) The black veil is what keeps the minister out of the social world he lives in. It is a little unusual for a minister to be wearing something like that, but there is a reason for it, and

Neanderthal Brain Size At Birth - 1718 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the article, quot;Neanderthal Brain Size at Birth Provides Insights into the Evolution of Human Life Historyquot; by Marcia S. Ponce de Leon discussed human life history is characterized by an extended period of developmental immaturity. This pattern of ontogeny is thought to be necessary for higher cognitive capabilities (Ponce de Leon 37). However, recent studies suggest the differences between the human brain growth and the chimpanzees are less evident (Ponce de Leon 37). Humans reach their large adult brains by means of higher growth rates early during ontogeny (Ponce de Leon 37). With that being said, large adult brains are connected with slow life histories (Ponce de Leon 37). Even so, the†¦show more content†¦Yet, there hasnapos;t been any indication of an increase in intelligence (Henneberg 745). In modern humans, brain size and intelligence is very weak (Henneberg 745). With the exception of size, there appears to be no significant dissimilarities between the anatomy of ape and human brains (Henneberg 745).nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In addition, the macro evolutionary enlargement of the hominid brain correspond with other mammals and body size (Henneberg 748). The micro evolutionary decrease in human brain size during intellectual and cultural achievement (Henneberg 748). The lack of intraspecfic correlation between brain size and measured human intelligence is not in result of its size (Henneberg 748). It is also probably not in result of its gross anatomical structure (Henneberg 748). Human encephalization may be more a result of the reduction in the relative body size as opposed to the increase in brain size (Henneberg 748). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the article, quot;Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectusquot; by Steven R. Leigh discussed Homo erectus provided meaningful insights about the evolution of human ontogeny, life history, as well as cognition. The similarity between hominins is determined by testing three hypotheses (Leigh 105). With that being said, Mojokertoapos;s absolute brain size is expected to be 0.5 - 1.5 year old H. sapiens (Leigh 105). The cranialShow MoreRelatedChanges Of Climate Change Across Earth1561 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, it is hard to prove this hypothesis as new fossils are found (p. 236). While H. erectus characteristics vary across continents, the majority share the same range in body size, brains, and cranial shape. H. erectus adults had robust bodies weighing more than 100 lbs. and measuring 5’6† tall. The range in H. erectus brain size is 700 to 1250 cm(^3). The most distinct characteristic of H. erectus is its cranial shape. The cran ium displays a thick cranial bone, large brow ridges, a pointy nuchal torusRead MoreComplication Of Birth.1575 Words   |  7 PagesComplication of birth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Throughout the years, our brain shape has changed in result of the nutrition received. The amount of nutrition received is the biggest factor with regard to the change in brain size. Therefore, the sufficient nutrition increased the size of the brain. In result, the increased brain size created advanced cognitive functions. Culture nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In chapter eight quot;Early Hominisquot; of the textbook, quot;IntroductionRead MoreFactors in the Evolution to Bipedalism766 Words   |  4 Pagesspecies has significantly changed during the course of evolution to what is now the modern day Homo sapiens. Some of the changes that have occurred through the evolution are bipedalism, changes in body features such as brow ridges, and an increase in brain capacity. Bipedalism is a form of locomotion that is on two feet and is the one factor that separates humans from other forms of hominoids. The first bipeds are believed to have lived in Africa between 5 and 8 million years ago. (HavilandRead MoreSimilarities Between Neanderthals And Modern Humans Essay2071 Words   |  9 PagesNeanderthals were a species of archaic humans who migrated out of Africa and into Europe and Asia. However, around 40,000 years ago the large populations of Neanderthals died off and became extinct. The mysterious circumstances that surrounded their extinction drove various research teams to undertake the task of excavating numerous Neanderthal sites to collect fossilized bones, and artifacts in order to learn more about this group of ancestral humans. Over the past years, major technological advancesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Iceman The Neanderthal 1227 Words   |  5 PagesNeanderthal Prejudice Elizabeth Armistead When humans encounter other humans, we tend to treat them differently. Whether it’s because of cultural barriers, language barriers, or something as trivial as skin color, we view some people differently than we view those who share our ethnicity, culture, and values. This is referred to as racism or prejudice and it is still an active problem in the world today. But although people can differ greatly when it comes to culture or appearance, we share mostRead MoreAncient History: Neanderthals to Homosapiens1957 Words   |  8 Pages NEANDERTHALS TO HOMOSAPIENS Neanderthal the most recent archaic human, who was introduced to this world between 300,00 and 100,000 years ago then after many years were replaced by humans between 35,000 and 24,000 years ago. Neanderthals inhabited Eurasia from the Atlantic regions of Europe eastward to Central Asia and from as far north as present-day Belgium southward to the Mediterranean and southwest Asia.† (www.britannica.com). Human populations that were very similar to Neanderthals lived inRead MoreEnvironmental Factors Affecting Human Evolution Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic mutations appeared in cases that led to the birth of new species by creating further genetic differences that allows more of a kind of species to survive by increase the chances of producing offspring and give adaptations to survive based around a new habitat. Furthermore, responses to environmental factors show that records of some organisms responded by creating change to their environments instead of themselves. Huma ns, with larger brains than other animals, have shown to do this substatiallyRead MoreHomo Neanderthalensis- the Neanderthals3667 Words   |  15 PagesSince their discovery more than a century ago, the Neanderthals have hovered over the minds and have baffled the best-laid theories of paleoanthropologists. They seem to fit in the general scheme of human evolution, and yet they’re misfits. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p.367) In a way they are like us the modern Homo sapiens but yet are a very different species. But the real question that needs to be answered is â€Å"why the Neanderthals were considered a different species than the Homo sapiensRead MoreAncient Civilizations And The Modern World1379 Words   |  6 Pagesand humans have adapted to their surroundings. All living things have changed throughout time. The thing that differs humans from the rest is, humans are more cognitively advanced. Over the course of time the shape and size of the human skull ha ve changed. The size of the human brain has increased, which has allowed humans to adapt more to their surroundings. To survive, humans were making tools for hunting and to cut with. The closer you lived to the equator the darker your skin may have been, soRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article History Of Technology By Robert Angus Buchanan1012 Words   |  5 PagesSebastian Arias From the birth of the first single celled organism, to the first dated appearance of the neanderthal, life has been constantly evolving to achieve a greater sense of survival and adaptation. We as human beings have become a prime example of the evolutionary process surpassing the predators which once preyed upon us to becoming the top of the food change. Although our evolution is an amazing feat we have used the knowledge of billions of years of evolution to create something

War Poetry Wilfred Owen Free Essays

War Poetry I have studied two poems, ‘Dulce et decorum est’ and ‘The Sentry’ both by the poet Wilfred Owen. The first one I will study is ‘Dulce et Decorum est’. The first thing Owen does is to give us a vivid description of what is happening, he tells us that he and his men are marching away from the trenches, and the way Owen describes his men gives us a clear picture of what they have been through. We will write a custom essay sample on War Poetry Wilfred Owen or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags† They had been in the trenches, terrible places, with bullets and shells flying constantly overhead, explosions all around, the constant fear of death. These men were leaving the hell of the front, they were going to rest. But they still have a long way to go before they are safe, they are still within the range of artillery. Despite of this, they march on â€Å"towards their distant rest†, they are walking in deep mud, which covered most of the battlefield, and for this reason, there are some of the men have no boots on, but still they â€Å"limp on, blood shod†. They are described as being â€Å"drunk with fatigue†, they are exhausted, but still, they march on. Then suddenly, the call â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick boys! â€Å", a gas shell had dropped nearby. Gas was the most brutal of weapons used in the war, it burned the skin, the eyes, and when breathed in, it burnt the lungs, which the body then filled with water, bringing on a slow agonising death for the unfortunate victim. The soldiers’ reaction to this attack is described as â€Å"an ecstasy of fumbling†, which is a great way of describing what is happening, the men are trying desperately to get out their gas masks before they are engulfed by the cloud. How to cite War Poetry Wilfred Owen, Essays

Electronic Arts Essay Thesis Example For Students

Electronic Arts Essay Thesis The report will evaluate the benefits and cost of the marketing approach in Electronic Arts. All information has to be submitted to Mrs Susan Campbell, the HON.. Course co-ordination on 25th October 2007. 2. PROCEDURE In order to analyses how the marketing concept elements are incorporated into Electronic Arts (EAI) overall business plan the following steps has to be taken: . Electronic Arts main web site has to accessed in order to obtain company business information. 2. 2 Internet and book resources have to be scrutinized to collect all relevant data about the Marketing Concept implementation. 2. 3 All aspects Of marketing concept has to be assessed against EAI policies and analyses company production, sales and promotion activities. 3. FINDINGS 3. 1 Satisfying Needs As the Key Business Element Electronic Arts started creating electronic entrainment software in 1982 and from that day the company grew rapidly becoming the one of world leaders in the industry. The number of employees increased from two people to 7,900 worldwide in the beginning of 2007. Marketing concept is based on analyzing and satisfying customers needs and the management team in EAI knows well that the business would not survived if those needs where not meet, Commitment to the customer is expressed in the company Code to Conduct as one to the Action Values which are the principles on which the entire business idea is based (see App. 1). Products for All Electronic Arts driven by marketing principle of meeting customer needs has created games which relate to nearly all aspects of human life. Sport, strategy, action games and even simulators Of everyday life (Sims) are all in the company games portfolio. EAI is not leaving any users without the access to their products and the company titles are available on all gaming platforms like Oxbow, Palpitations, Nintendo and PC. 3. 1. 2 Software Developers Many of existing staff in the company used to play the EAI games when they started creating their own pieces of work, so back in the days they where the customers 0 gamers who used to buy the company products. Nowadays as they are shaping new titles themselves and they know how important is to adapt to what the new generating of game fans is looking for, . 1. 3 Games Testers The company has a big number of professional C salary paid and amateur, game testers. These are the people who are giving Nan-biased opinion and guidelines on how the future products will be developed. The amateur testers are the selected from the gamers who take part in game tournaments all around the world, members of computer games conventions, players with best score and performance in Our-internet competitions as well randomly selected game buyers. . 2 Research Assessing Change in Customer Needs The world of electronic entertainment is evolving w? Rye fast and to keep with the interiors EAI marketing team needs to have access to customer feedback and fresh data on daily bases. The company uses primary and secondary research as well as the quantitative and qualitative research. Researches are used to identify mark et opportunities, improve marketing efficiency, quality of the software and service provided by the company. Electronic Arts uses surveys and questioners to gather data and feedback from the customers. Advice from testers is also very useful tool in developing products. All tooth gathered informations are used to prepare prognosis and sales simulations for completely new games ND new editions to existing titles. Marketing team analyses competitors moves by attending all industry expositions and conventions, 3. 3 33. 1 Integrated Marketing Product _ As emphasized by Jobber and F-aha (2002) The core element of the marketing mix is the companys product or service because this provides the functional requirements sought by the customers Electronic Arts products are offered to worldwide customers. .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 , .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .postImageUrl , .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 , .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14:hover , .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14:visited , .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14:active { border:0!important; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14:active , .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14 .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue612c59187ddf0ea00b86c47bf5fab14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance of Education EssayAll of the age groups are targeted and most Of the titles are available in the country Of sale With appropriate language version. All sorts of game types are manufactured by the many: sport games (branded EAI Sports) this include famous and race game Need for Speed, strategy games like Command Conquer series, action games like newly issued Crisis and all types of fun-family games i. E. Simms CLC a simulator of everyday life. Product range was recently extended by purchasing leading mobile phones game manufacturer JAMMED Inc and currently EAI group is the largest manufacturer of games for mobile phones, Software is extensively tested to ensure great playability and quality. 3. 3. 2 Place Games are sold by many different channels of distribution from big supermarket Haines like Tests or Wall-Mart to specialized software retailers including Game or PC World and directly through Internet shop on main company web site. For the future EAI is planning to increase sales on-line by creating internet megastars which will be available in different language versions. . 3. 3 Price To ensure that the products are competitive on the market EAI have to offered games at the price comparable to the market rivals. In this segment Of the market most of the competitors are using similar pricing technique C price of the game depends on the platform it is issued for. Newly released games for new consoles like Plantation 3 and Oxbow 360 would be most expensive. It could be called a gentle skimming technique. Gamers who are prepared to pay big money for the new console would also pay higher sums for new innovative game. Games and game consoles are complementary products so as long as the price of consoles is high, price of the games will usually stay up as well. 3. 3. 4 promotion Because of the huge competition in the industry there is a big emphasis on promotional efforts. Nowadays even best developed software without massive advertising may fade in the crowed of similar titles. Electronic Arts are prepared to spend big on promotion of their products. Sport games issued by the company are marketed with using the biggest names in the sport world. Company is hiring football stars like Reinhold or Wayne Rooney to promote their football series VIVA along world champion Tiger Woods who is promoting interactive golf game. 33. 5 Customer Orientation The idea Of marketing approach is spread through out the entire company. Electronic Arts puts an emphasis on all staff to maintain highest standards of work and in order to deliver best possible product for the final customer _ Pro- active approach is in place and starting from software developer through sales people up to board Of directors all are treating they co-workers as they own customers. This approach gave effect of $3. 09 billion revenue for financial year 2007 and over 24 titles which sold in more than one million copies. 3. 4 Customer Satisfaction Feedback trot customers and the way they are reacting to new releases is very important for proper implementation of the marketing approach. Marketing team in Electronic Arts is very closely analyzing any suggestions coming trot the customers. They know that it is much easier to keep the existing customer testified than gain a new ones. They are aware as well that the customer who will be lost may never return and turn for the competitors product, 3. 5 Marketing Concept as Part of Company Objectives Prom day one the customer orientated approach is an integral part Of the Electronic Arts. Without looking at customer needs and successfully satisfying them it would be impossible for the business to achieve such high position in one of the most competitive markets of the world. For the company which bases their business to be in the hands Of gamers it is the most important to liver products tailored to their expectations. .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 , .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .postImageUrl , .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 , .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492:hover , .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492:visited , .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492:active { border:0!important; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492:active , .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492 .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u414eeec2b28c0a83cbab1e3ea1e0b492:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill A Mockingbird: Prejudice EssayMarketing concept in Electronic Arts evolved with the company becoming an example for the competitors. The company have a massive gain from applying the marketing values into their business strategy and it could not exist without it. 3. 6 Society Impact Games produced by the company are played by all age groups. Youngest gamers are aged five and thats why the company has to be very carefully in the way the products for those young children are presented. In the recent years EAI was in the group of companies accused that why they are transferring all of he customers wishes into world of games, they went a step to far in making them to real by applying excessive violence into their products, Although the company assignees strict age limits to selected titles, many pressure groups in likes of government agency Entertainment Software Rating Board US, and many children welfare organizations are blaming the EAI and other games manufacturers for aggressive behavior of teenagers. The issue is currently being widely discussed and LISA some parents are taking court cases against the EAI. The company is limiting the violent content in their games but frequently t collides with what the older gamers wants, especially in the war and action games. 4. 0 CONCLUSION Electronic Arts, an entertainment software manufacturer, is the company which applied the principles of Marketing Concept. Kettle and Armstrong (2001) define the marketing approach as achieving company goals by determining and satisfying the needs footages markets, which is done more effectively and efficiently than competitors, Delivering on of the highest quality games EAI gained a position of a world leader. Customer orientated approach is present in the organization from the beginning of the firm in 1987. By proper implementation to marketing values the company grew to become an international enterprise with revenue of billion and 7,900 employees worldwide. The company share price raised from bellow a $1 in 1990 to $60 in October 2007 (see App 2). Products are created to satisfy as much customer groups as possible 50 EAI is producing for all available gaming platforms.

Hard Times exactly the same spiritual failings underlie Essay Example For Students

Hard Times exactly the same spiritual failings underlie Essay In Hard Times exactly the same spiritual failings underlie the problems of industrial society, a mechanistic education system and the inability of men and women to achieve fulfilling relationships. Discuss  Charles Dickens (1812-1870), spent his childhood in the rural town of Kent where he was very happy. However, his family met financial problems and his father was sent to debtors prison. Young Charles (aged 12), was withdrawn from school and sent to work in a blackening factory for three years. This traumatic experience had a profound effect, and provided him with insight of working class conditions, for when he later became a novelist Dickens started to write Hard Times in 1854, by which time cities had been increasing in size, due predominantly, to growth in the textile, iron and railway industry. Previously working country folk had lived almost along side their employers and had struck up a relationship with them albeit an unequal one. However, in the large sprawling cities there became a large, psychological, as well as physical gap between masters and men. Dickens believed that part of the problem of industrialised cities, was due to the way children were educated. They were only taught factual information and not encouraged to think and evaluate. Gradgrinds school children learn nothing but Facts, and he quells the first signs of creativity. This imagination or Fancy is represented in Hard Times by the circus from where Sissy Jupe originates. The circus is cleverly juxtaposed with the school, which represents the rationalised society. Sissy had lived with horses for most of her life, however because she was unable to describe a horse in scientific terms, Gradgrind ridiculed her. He was unable to understand how she could simply know about a horse without being able to describe it as a Graminivorous Quadruped. Bitzer (who was an ex-student of Mr MChoakemchilds school) was observed to be  ..a young man of the steadiest principle..on his fathers death..this excellent young economist had asserted the right of settlement for her (his mother), with such steadfast adherence to the principle of the case, she had been shut up in the work house ever since. (Pg. 153 )  This shows how the education system had expelled any emotional attachment he had to his mother as Bitzer was quite happy to send his own mother to the workhouse as he saw this as a fact and could imagine no other alternative. Class division, also underpins the crux of Hard Times; it is illustrated very well when Louisa (the daughter of a wealthy schoolmaster, Mr Gradgrind)  She knew of them (working class) in crowds passing to and fro their nestsbut she knew from her reading infinitely more of the ways of toiling insects than these toiling men and women  page 209  This passage demonstrates how efficient her factual education has been in ridding her of any sensibility toward her fellow citydwellers, and also how the ruling classes believed the proletariat to be almost inhuman and thought of them as a collective rather than individuals, with emotions, ambitions and human desires. Utilatarians felt the need to explain what was going on around them and tried rationalise society in an attempt to improve and develop it into a New World. There were few reforms brought in by Liberal reformists such as reducing the working day to 10 hours for women and children. However, the men were not given such consideration and there were no limits to the amount of time they had to work. This meant, of cause there was very little time for any form of socialising or relaxation, which hindered men and women from forming normal healthy relationships. On Sundays, in Coketown, .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a , .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .postImageUrl , .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a , .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a:hover , .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a:visited , .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a:active { border:0!important; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a:active , .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ade844e15a281089615688df421007a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Politics and the English Language Essayboys who were at large a rare sight there rowed a crazy boat, which made a spumous track upon the water as it jogged along, while every dip of an oar stirred up vile smells.  This passage illustrates that even when people had the opportunity to enjoy themselves they were still enveloped in pollution and oppression, which the working classes felt they could never get away from.  The female characters in Hard Times seem to be included in order to spiritually regenerate the male characters who would otherwise be morally lost as seen in the relationship between Stephen Blackpool and Rachel. Stephen is in an unhappy marriage to an alcoholic wife, who he is tempted to poison in order that he can be with Rachel. However, he is unable to carry this out due to Rachels influence on him.  Thou changest me from bad to good. Thou makst me humbly wishfo to be more like thee, and fearfo to lose thee when this life is ower, and a the muddle cleared awa. Thourt an Angel; it may be, thou hast saved my soul alive!  Stephen seeks advice from Bounderby but his dreams are thwarted instantly, as he discovers only the very rich are able to obtain a divorce, and their love remains unrequited. This is an example of the moral and financial pressures which where imposed upon the relationships between men and women. Stephen and Rachels situation echoes Dickens own unhappy marriage, and it is speculated that he was having an affair with a young actress while writing Hard Times. (Slater pg. 135) Victorian society was very moralistic, however there seems to be no moral questions asked, when women were prostituted into a loveless marriage, for money or other favours.  Louisa shows her contempt for Bounderby ( her future husband), when he demands a kiss from her as he leaves.  she stood on the same spot rubbing the cheek he had kissed, with her handkerchief, until it was burning red.. Youll rub a hole in your face her brother sulkily remonstrated..You may cut the piece out with your penknife, if you like, Tom. I wouldnt cry!  However despite her hatred of Bounderby, she sacrifes herself to his offer of marriage in order to gain advantages for her brother and to please her father who is his friend.

Aristotle Goverment essays

Aristotle Goverment essays In our fast paced technologically advanced society today, our governments have evolved into supposedly well oiled machines effectively managing budgets, jails, militaries, as well as many other programs. Unfortunately, many of these governments are not as well organized, as they could be. Democratic countries like France, Germany, and even the United States have some very serious shortcomings to the way their governments are managed. These problems occur, many times at a very basic level, rather than at the minor details. One problem that is consistent with many countries is the maintenance of governmental programs over large geographical areas. Many times geographic or social differences within countries are what cause these problems. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had simple, yet ingenious ways to deal with problems, precisely like these. Aristotle solved this problem, for example, by dividing the country into both geographic and social regions. Then he would have smaller governments for each of these sections. These divisions were similar to states or provinces in some modern countries today. Aristotle's ideas, in general, on governmental politics were revolutionary in Athens, when he wrote them and some could even have positive effects on governments today. Modern governments, such as Germany, France, and the United States could all use Aristotle's ideas to make their own governments run much more efficiently. Aristotle even had plans to minimize corruption, a big problem in most governments today. If modern democratic countries based their political philosophies more on Aristotle's theories, they could run smoother and do a better job of supporting the people, which is what democracies were The polis is a partnership of citizens in a system of government that serves to achieve the common good. It is not just a place where people live ...

Common Numbering Systems Used in Genealogy

Common Numbering Systems Used in Genealogy Have you ever been elated at the discovery of a compiled family history for your ancestors, only to find yourself confused by all of the numbers and what they mean? Family lineages presented in text, rather than in graphical format, require an organizational system to allow the user to easily follow lines down through descendants or back toward the original ancestors. These standard numbering systems are used to show relationships between generations in a family tree. In other words, who is connected to whom. When numbering your genealogy, it is best to adopt a well-established system that is easily interpreted. Even if youre using a genealogy software program to compile your family history, it is still important to understand the differences and formats of the most widely-used numbering systems. If you plan to publish your family history, genealogical quarterlies, magazines and other publications may require a specific format. Or a friend may send you a pedigree chart which uses one of these numbering systems. It isnt necessarily important to learn the ins and outs of every numbering system, but it helps to have at least a general understanding. Common Genealogical Numbering Systems While genealogy numbering systems vary in their organization, they all have in common the practice of identifying individuals and their relationships through a specific numbering sequence. Most numbering systems are used to display descendants of a given ancestor, while one, the ahnentafel, is used to display the ancestors of an individual. Ahnentafel - From a German word meaning ancestor table, an ahnentafel is an ancestor based numbering system. Good for presenting a lot of information in a compact format, and the most popular numbering system for ascending genealogies. Register Numbering System - Based on the numbering system used by the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, the register system is one of several options for numbering descendant reports. NGSQ Numbering System - Sometimes referred to as the Modified Register System from which it was adapted and modernized, this popular descendant numbering system is used in the National Genealogical Society Quarterly and in many other family history publications. Henry Numbering System - Yet another descendant numbering system, the Henry System is named after Reginald Buchanan Henry, who used it in his Genealogies of the Families of the Presidents. published in 1935. This system is less often used than the Register and NGSQ systems, and is not accepted for certification projects or by most genealogical publications.

CIS329 Week 123 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS329 Week 123 - Assignment Example b) The type of hardware and site of installation should also be part of checklist. The hardware type can be used to solve compatibility issues with other hardware while installation site will ensure that adequate space is chosen for the occupancy of the hardware equipment (General 2011). a) In terms of user interface, win 7 supported touch screen although it was not perfect or ideal, that is, it did not have control features that are sufficiently good. Win 8 on the other hand has improved touch screen support. An example is that of desktop which is far better in such a way that the user can close window and be able to choose menu items without any problem. b) Windows8 also has improved performance in terms of short response time as compared to win7 since it has quicker ways of opening the target programs rather than just relying on menus given that the interface is built for touch. The additional advanced features of windows 8 also make it safer in terms of security features than win 7. a) It is necessary to bypass the use of digital signatures to validate or protect device drivers in situations where non-embedded intelligent Guards against Disasters (iGADs) does not have device driver. b) In the case where non embedded iGAD do not have, one or more disaster management applications is used to run on some platforms and thus digital signatures may not be necessary for protection (Liu et al., 2013). a) The key guideline that one should meet in order to justify an administrator’s decision to bypass the use of digital signatures when validating device drivers is the design guideline. This is because the design guideline has the basics of ensuring that many levels of security and dependability are open, modular and cost effective(Di Sarno, 2011). a) Both software restriction policy and AppLocker use group policy for domain management. Nevertheless, AppLocker takes precedence over software restriction policy on computer running windows

Researcch paper on human geography topic Olympic tourism and economics Essay

Researcch paper on human geography topic Olympic tourism and economics - Essay Example When tourists return home from Olympics, people back home hear stories of their experiences from them and form opinions or change their existing opinions about these countries, which may motivate them to visit these countries. Foreign tourists create an impact of major economic significance. The greater the facilities in anticipation of the Games, the greater will the number of tourists who visit the country to watch the Games. A city gains an awareness and an image by virtue of hosting the Games, which "is a very important Olympic legacy" (Preuss, n.d., p.3). The transfer of a city's image occurs through information from media reports, direct communication from tourists, advertisements and personal visits. There is also some negative impact of Olympics on tourism which is more often than not overlooked. The Games may persuade a certain group of tourists to stay away from the host city. Preuss (n.d., p.7) classifies them as avoiders, time switchers, changers, and runaways. Avoiders a re tourists who would have visited the city but for the Olympics. Time switchers are tourists who want to visit the city but would choose another time. Changers are residents who would prefer to take their holiday and leave the city at the time of Olympics. Runaways are residents who leave the city at the time of Olympics for a holiday elsewhere. On the contrary, "home stayers" are residents who opt to stay back and spend their money in the host city during Olympics, "Olympians" are tourists who travel to the host city because of the Olympics and "extentioners" are tourists who are already in the host city and who stay on longer because of the Olympics (Preuss, n.d.. p.7). Mega-sports events like Olympics, projected for their immense tourism and economic potential, have also great potential for corruption for selfish political gains. The bidding process itself poses immense scope for corruption. "Bribery, first-class travel, showers of gifts, credit cards for IOC member shopping sprees and IOC hostesses are some of the costs incurred by bidding cities" (Higham, 1999, p.82). According to Jennings (as cited in Higham, 1999, p.83), the bidding process is "a most effective means of transferring money from the public purse into private pockets." Mega events like the Olympics needs huge infrastructural facilities and the large-scale developments that a host city undertakes in anticipation of such an event ensures large-scale economic benefits to the private sector rather than economic opportunities for the residents of the host city. The intervention of business and commercial interests through Olympic sponsors has led to such dramatic expansion of Olympic s ports that "no single city now can provide sufficient urban infrastructure" (Higham, 1999, p.84). Sports of a lesser label is not associated with these problems, as they are hosted in a city within its existing infrastructure and capacity thresholds, with the atmosphere promoted due to the subculture of supporters. This might enhance the image of the host city, as the sport becomes one of its cultural attractions. This form of sport-motivated tourism brings economic benefits to the local community without causing a strain on its public

Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bilayer Graphene

Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bilayer Graphene Observation of Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bilayer Graphene Yanping Liu 1,2, Wen Siang Lew 2,*and Zongwen Liu 3,* Abstract Our measurement results have shown that bilayer graphene exhibits an unexpected sharp transition of the resistance value in the temperature region 200~250K. We argue that this behavior originates from the interlayer ripple scattering effect between the top and bottom ripple graphene layer. The inter-scattering can mimic the Coulomb scattering, but is strongly dependent on temperature. The observed behavior is consistent with the theoretical prediction that charged impurities are the dominant scatters in bilayer graphene. The resistance increase with increasing perpendicular magnetic field strongly supports the postulate that magnetic field induces an excitonic gap in bilayer graphene. Our results reveal that the relative change of resistance induced by magnetic field in the bilayer graphene shows an anomalous thermally activated property. ______________________________________ Introduction: The electronic properties of monolayer graphene have been extensively studied due to its intriguing energy band structure with linear dispersion around the Dirac point and chirality exhibiting Berry phase of [1]. There is a zero-energy Landau level (LL) with four-fold degeneracy due to interactions between electron spins and valleys in the magnetic field [2-4]. Recently, bilayer graphene became a subject of intense research due to the low energy Hamiltonian of chiral quasiparticles and a Berry phase of [5-8]. It has a double-degeneracy zero-energy Landau level that incorporates two different orbital states with the same energy under an external magnetic field. The bilayer graphene with a Bernal (A-B) configuration loses some features of monolayer graphene and has a unique band structure where the conduction and valence bands are in contact with a nearly quadratic dispersion [5]. In bilayer graphene, a parabolic band structure ( ) with an effective mass m*=0.037, has been calculated by using the interlayer coupling model [9-14]. What makes bilayer graphene an interesting material for study is that the interlayer potential asymmetry can be controlled by an electric field, thus opening an energy gap between the conduction and valence bands [16-18]. Various applications for bilayer graphene are possible due to the fact that its band gap can be modulated by using an external out-of-plane electric field and chemical doping. There is intensive research on bilayer graphene under the application of a perpendicular electric field, however, experimental reports on magnetic transport properties of bilayer graphene are not as well-studied. Recent theoretical work reports on excitonic condensation and quantum Hall ferromagnetism in bilayer graphene [22]. There are interesting features in bilayer graphene due to its extra twofold orbital degeneracy in the LL spectrum, which results in an eightfold -degenerate LL at zero energy. The scattering mechanism of graphene is current ly a subject of intense research and debate. The problem of magneto-transport properties in the presence of Coulomb impurities is still an open research problem. Our understanding of the nature of the disorder and how the mesoscopic ripple effect affects the transport properties still need improvement; hence, a better understanding on the general electric and magnetic transport properties of bilayer graphene is necessary. In this paper, we have systematically investigated the charge transport properties in bilayer graphene as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and electric field. Our measurement results have shown that bilayer graphene exhibits a semi-metallic R-T property and an unexpected sharp transition of the resistance value in the temperature region 200~250K. The longitudinal resistance decreases with increasing temperature and electric field, a behavior that is markedly different from the experimental reports of monolayer graphene. Our results reveal that the energy gap in the bilayer graphene shows an anomalous thermally activated property and increases with. We have shown that this phenomenon originates from a tuneable band structure behavior that can be controlled by a magnetic field, a property that had never previously been observed in bilayer graphene. It has been shown that Raman spectroscopy is a reliable, non-destructive tool for identifying the number of graphene layers and it can be done through the 2D-band deconvolution procedure [23-25]. The Raman spectra of our graphene structure were measured at room temperature using a WITEC CRM200 instrument at 532 nm excitation wavelength in the backscattering configuration [26-28]. Fig.1a shows the characteristic Raman spectrum with a clearly distinguishable G peak and 2D band. The two most intense features are the G peak and the 2D band which is sensitive to the number of layers of graphene. The position of the G peak and the shape of the 2D band confirm the number of layers of graphene. Additionally, the number of layers of graphene can be easily distinguished from the full width half maximum of the 2D band, as its mode changes from a narrow and symmetric feature for monolayer graphene to an asymmetric distribution on the high-energy side for bilayer graphene [27]. The 2D band inset in Fig.1a shows that the Raman spectrum of bilayer graphene is red-shifted and broadened with respect to that of the monolayer graphene. Fig. 1b shows the four terminal resistance as a function of carrier-density n, and the sample shows a pronounced peak at density . Note that the sharp peak in resistance at low n is enhanced by the opening of the small energy gap owing to disorder-induced differences in carrier density between the top and the bottom layers of the flake. We have characterized the current (I)-voltage (V) characteristics of the bilayer graphene via four-terminal measurement, at different temperatures and magnetic fields. Shown in Fig. 2a are the I-V curves for bilayer graphene under the application of various magnetic fields at three different temperatures: 2 K, 200 K and 340 K. The magnetic field is applied in the perpendicular direction to the plane of the graphene. For all the temperatures and magnetic field strengths, the bilayer graphene exhibits a linear I-V curve. This implies that the graphene layer is ohmic in nature. We observed that for a fixed magnetic field, the I-V curve displays a larger gradient at higher temperature than at lower temperature. Interestingly, the gradient of the I-V curve decreases with increasing magnetic field. In our structure, the gradient of the curve corresponds to the conductivity of the graphene layer. Such temperature and magnetic field dependent behaviour of conductivity is characteristic of an intrinsic semiconductor. The decrease in the conductivity of the bilayer graphene with increasing magnetic field is attributed to the excitonic energy gap induced by the magnetic field. This conductivity dependence on the magnetic field suggests that the resistance () of graphene is a qualitative fingerprint of its band gap. In the absence of a magnetic field, the band structure of the bilayer graphene at the Dirac valley has a parabolic dispersion relation. When a magnetic field is present, the band structure is changed to a split Landau level structure [19-21]. Fig. 2(b) is an illustration of the bilayer bandgap and Landau level splitting under the influence of a magnetic field. Inset shows an optical image of the bilayer graphene with the metal contact electrodes. In Fig.2(c) we plot the resistance of the bilayer graphene, as extracted from the I-V curve, as a function of magnetic field for three different temperatures. As the magnetic field was increased in a step of 4T, the resistance increase for each step was different, resulting in a non-linear relationship between the resistance and magnetic field. Interestingly, the observed non-line relationship is markedly different from Zeeman spin-splitting theoretical model with the line relationship, where gap with a free-electron g-factor g=2, where is the Bohr magneton. This potentially indicates sublattice symmetry breaking and gap formation due to many-body correction in this LL [32-34]. This is further confirmation that magnetic field opens an excitonic gap in the bilayer graphene. The temperature dependence of monolayer graphene resistance is mainly attributed to the different scattering mechanisms: Coulomb scattering [35-36], short range scattering [37], and phonon scattering [38-39]. However, the temperature dependence of bilayer graphene resistance has not been established yet. Shown in Fig.3a are the temperature dependence of the resistance of the bilayer graphene under the application of a magnetic field 0T and 12T, respectively. The results show that the resistance of the bilayer graphene drops following non-metallic behaviour as temperature increases from 2K to 340 K. This implies that the bilayer graphene resistors have intrinsic semiconductor properties as mentioned earlier. This can be explained by the decrease in Coulomb scattering with temperature for bilayer graphene due to its parabolic band structure. For B=12T, a similar trend as B=0T is obtained in Fig 3a, where the resistance decreases with increasing temperature. However, the resistance for the entire temperature range is much larger than for B=0T. This indicates that the magnetic field opens an excitonic gap in the bilayer graphene that is thermally activated due to the Coulomb interaction ion-driven electronic instabilities [20, 31]. Ripples are a common feature of cleaved graphene because it is never atomically flat, as it is placed on a substrate such as SiO2 in the term of nanometre-scale deformations or ripples [40-42]. Despite the magnitude of the ripples being quite small, it is still believed to be responsible for the unusual transport behaviour of graphene, also susceptible to adsorbed impurities, defects and the roughness of the underlying substrate [40-43]. On the other hand, it has been shown that suspended graphene films are corrugated on a mesoscopic scale, with out-of-plane deformations up to 1 nm [44-45]. The deformation is a typically smaller than the Fermi wavelengthand these ripples induce predominantly short-range scattering. The observed height variation shows that the surface roughness beyond the atomic-level is intrinsically present in bilayer graphene. Hence, one of the interesting features of corrugation of graphene is that it offers a new experimental opportunity to study how the corrugat ion-induced scattering impacts the transport properties of graphene. It is important to mention that there is a strange sharp threshold like decrease in resistance observed above 200K. The strong temperature dependence is inconsistent with scattering by acoustic phonons. One possible explanation is that the flexural phonons confined within ripples between the top and bottom layer causes the scattering. The presence of the ripple effect exhibits local out-of-plane ripples [44]. Theoretical calculations[41,46] show that the scattering rates for interripple flexural phonons with respect to two-phonon scattering process as, where is the flexural-phonon frequency, the derivative of the nearest-neighbour hopping integral with respect to deformation, a the lattice constant, , and the mass of carbon atom [46]. For low temperatures T () , few flexural modes can be excited inside ripples (). The conductivity of the surface roughness model at the limit at low temperature is[45-46]. As the t emperature increases and typical wavelengths become shorter, short-range scattering excites the flexural phonons. For the high temperature limit, based on the above expression, we can estimate that , which yields ~100 to 1000 at T=300K. The model of quenched-ripple disorder [46] suggested that the electron scattering of the static ripples quenched from the flexural phonon disorder can mimic Coulomb scattering when at room temperature. One should also note that the model predicts stronger temperature dependence (above a certain quenching temperature of about 100K) which is close to our experimental result at about 200K. However, the ripple effect normally leads to a rapid increase in the R-T curve rather than the sudden decrease in R-T as observed for our bilayer graphene. In the absence of a theory to explain the stronger temperature dependence behaviour, we propose that the behaviour is consistent with the ripple effect interlayer scattering instead of interlayer scattering. Fig. 3b shows the schematically illustration of scattering mechanisms in bilayer graphene. For a bilayer graphene, the interlayer scattering between the top and bottom ripple graphene layer is similar to coulomb scattering with stronger dependence on temperature. The rapid decrease in R-T above 200K can be attributed to the transition between the low- and high-T limits in the interlayer ripple effect scattering. On the other hand, it was suggested that the observed strong T dependence could be explained by thermally excited surface polar phonons of the SiO2 substrate [35-38]. The SiO2 optical phonons at the substrate-graphene interface induce an electric field which couples to the carriers in graphene due to it modulating the polarizability [38-39]. However, Coulomb scattering is dominant for bilayer graphene and the substrate surface polar phonon induced field is to some extent screened by the additional graphene layers [39]. Recently it has been shown that the substrate dielectric constant plays an important role in scattering in graphene. Theoretical predictions show that for dielectric constant , Coulomb scattering dominates, while for dielectric constant , short-range scattering dominates, as Coulomb scattering is more strongly screened for materials with a larger dielectric constant. In fact, our observed behaviour is consistent with the theory suggesting that scattering from charged impurities is dominant in graphene. We introduce a relaxation-time approximation and treat the unscreened Coulomb potential as [1,5] where Q is the charge of impurities. Based on the Boltzmann transport theory, we can obtain the bilayer graphene resistivity with massless Dirac-fermions (MDF) at low energies as. For high temperature , , we can obtain the bilayer graphene resistivity as[47], where is the density of impurities per unit volume, is the permittivity of the semiconductor, and is the charge state of the impurity. This shows that the resistance of bilayer graphene limited by Coulomb scattering increases as increases and decreases with increasing temperature. Considering the above analysis, we deduce that the temperature dependence of resistance in bilayer graphene is mainly determined by Coulomb scattering. The short-range scattering is independent of temperature for bilayer graphene, as the density-of-states, the matrix element and the screening function are all energy independent. As a result of the parab olic band structure of bilayer graphene, the energy averaging of the Coulomb scattering time can give rise to the resistivity decreasing proportionality to temperature : . Based on the above discussion, we fit the measured resistance in Fig.3a by using the following model for bilayer graphene:, where and are the resistance due to the Coulomb and short-range scatterings, respectively. Fig.3b shows the relative resistance change under the biased and unbiased magnetic field as a function of temperature, and the dotted line is the fit following the equation , where is the energy gap. The opening of the energy gap due to a potential difference between the two layers and Coulomb interactions could be a cause for this. These considerations explain qualitatively why the resistance of bilayer graphene decreases with increasing temperature. Note that the relative resistance change is a strong function of temperature. At temperatures of 2Kà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­180K and 220Kà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­250K, the relative resistance strongly increases as temperature increases, indicating that an energy gap forms due to many-body correction in Landau Level. When the temperature incr eases to T >250K, the relative resistance is roughly independent of the increasing temperature; this indicates that the energy gap is mostly stable at high temperatures. On the other hand, with the temperature increase from 180K to 220K, the relative resistance dependence of temperature shows a sharp decrease, which indicates that the energy gap shows an anomalous thermally activated behaviour as a function of temperature. For zero gate voltage (i.e., neutrality point), we measured changes in longitudinal resistance as a function of applied perpendicular field B. Fig. 4a shows the four-terminal longitudinal resistance of bilayer graphene as a function of magnetic field at T= 2K at the charge-neutrality point. We have plotted the resistance per square, because it is independent of a size effect of the sample. As seen from Fig. 4a, the resistance increases nonlinearly with the magnetic field strength followed by a plateau-like phase. One should note that the plateau-like phase in Fig. 4b disappears at higher temperatures. One possible explanation is the augmented sublattice spin-splitting due to the high surface-impurity concentration of the graphene layer [18]. The origin of the nonlinear magnetoresistance increment behaviour is the splitting of Landau level that gives rise to a bandgap opening at the zero energy level [32-34]. In our measurements, we fit our results to an analytical approximation for the non-linear resistance , where is the Boltzmann constant. We found that our results are in good agreement with this equation. These considerations explain qualitatively why the nonlinear resistance increases with the magnetic field. Fig. 5 shows the resistance of bilayer graphene as a function of electric field (E) under different magnetic fields. The dependent characteristics are symmetric due to the chirality of graphene electrons when an applied electric field changes from E to E. The normalized resistance curve describes the response under the applied magnetic field in the range of B=0T to B=12T and the temperatures of 2-340K. The results demonstrate that when the magnetic field increases from 0T to 12T at low temperatures (2à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­200K) and low electric field (E), the resistance of bilayer graphene drops significantly. The larger slump in the resistance at lower temperature T=2K and low electric field as the increasing of electric field are due to Coulomb scattering by impurities, which is a strong function of temperature. On the other hand, at high temperatures (T >200K) and electric fields (E>0.01 ), the resistance of bilayer graphene show a linear decrease. This can be explained by the scatteri ng from thermally excited surface polar phonons of the substrate being screened by the additional top graphene layers [39]. This further confirms that at high temperatures, the scattering induced by the electric field on the substrate surface polar phonons is significantly screened between top and bottom layers in bilayer graphene. In our experiment, temperature and magnetic field dependence of resistance of bilayer graphene was investigated. Intrinsic semiconductor behaviour at the range of temperature is 2K-340K was observed. The strange sharp threshold-like decrease in resistance around 200K is unexpected, and we attribute it to the presence of mesoscopic ripples between the top and bottom layer. Our results reveal that the energy gap in the bilayer graphene is thermally dependent. This potentially indicates the sublattice symmetry breaking and an energy gap formation due to Landau Level splits. The obtained results are important for the better understanding of magnetic field induced high resistance and provide indications of a theoretically predicted magnetic field induced excitonic gap. Acknowledgements Y. L would like to thank Prof. Wang and Prof. Yao for his useful discussions. This work was supported in part by the NRF-CRP program (Multifunctional Spintronic Materials and Devices) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) SERC grant (082 101 0015). The authors thank Sun Li and Li Yuanqing for their assistance in experimental measurements. Experimental section The bilayer graphene samples for this study were prepared using mechanical exfoliation techniques [2] from the bulk highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (grade ZYA, SPI Supplies) and transferred onto the surface of a lightly doped silicon substrate covered with a 300-nm thick layer of thermally grown , The doped silicon substrate and were used as back-gate and gate dielectric, respectively. Graphene electrical electrodes were patterned using photolithography techniques. A pair of ohmic Cr/Au (5nm/100nm) contacts were deposited via thermal evaporation at a background pressure of 10à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­7 mbar and subsequently lifted off in warm acetone. Electronic transport measurements have been carried out on multiple samples, using PPMS (Quantum Design) with a fixed excitation current of 10 . Electrical measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K ~340K and a magnetic field up to 12T was applied. In order to enhance electrical transport, the sample was cleaned in situ by the mag netic and electric field. Four-terminal electrical measurements were used for transport characterization. References          Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S, The rise of graphene. Nature Materials 2007, 6, 183-91. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306, 666-9. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Grigorieva, I. M.; Dubonos, S. V.; Firsov, A. A., Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 2005, 438 , 197-200. Novoselov, K. S.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Morozov, S. V.; Stormer, H. L.; Zeitler, U.; Maan, J. C.; Boebinger, G. S.; Kim, P.; Geim, A. K., Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene. Science 2007, 1137201. Peres, N. M. R., The electronic properties of graphene and its bilayer. Vacuum 2009, 83 1248-52. Wallace, P. R, The Band Theory of Graphite. Physical Review 1947, 71, 622. Semenoff, G. W, Condensed-Matter Simulation of a Three-Dimensional Anomaly. Physical Review Letters 1984, 53, 2449. Geim, A. K, Graphene: Status and Prospects. Science 2009, 324 (5934), 1530-1534. Kim, K. S; Zhao, Y.; Jang, H.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Ahn, J. H.; Kim, P.; Choi, J. Y.; Hong, B. H., Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 2009, 457 (7230), 706-710. Shen, T; Gu, J. J.; Xu, M.; Wu, Y. Q.; Bolen, M. L.; Capano, M. A.; Engel, L. W.; Ye, P. D., Observation of quantum-Hall effect in gated epitaxial graphene grown on SiC (0001). Applied Physics Letters 2009, 95 (17). Wu, X. .; Hu, Y. K.; Ruan, M.; Madiomanana, N. K.; Hankinson, J.; Sprinkle, M.; Berger, C.; de Heer, W. A., Half integer quantum Hall effect in high mobility single layer epitaxial graphene. Applied Physics Letters 2009, 95 (22). Meyer, J. C; Geim, A. K.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Novoselov, K. S.; Booth, T. J.; Roth, S., The structure of suspended graphene sheets. Nature 2007, 446, 60-3. Barone, V; Hod, O.; Scuseria, G. E., Electronic structure and stability of semiconducting graphene nanoribbons. Nano Letters 2006, 6 (12), 2748-2754. Han, M. Y; Ozyilmaz, B; Zhang, Y. B; Kim, P., Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons. Physical Review Letters 2007, 98 (20). Wang, Z. F.; Shi, Q. W.; Li, Q. X.; Wang, X. P.; Hou, J. G.; Zheng, H. X.; Yao, Y.; Chen, J., Z-shaped graphene nanoribbon quantum dot device. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 91 (5). Zhang, Y; Tang, T.-T.; Girit, C.; Hao, Z.; Martin, M. C.; Zettl, A.; Crommie, M. F.; Shen, Y. R.; Wang, F., Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene. Nature 2009, 459 (7248), 820-823. Kuzmenko, A. B.; Crassee, I.; van der Marel, D.; Blake, P.; Novoselov, K. S., Determination of the gate-tunable band gap and tight-binding parameters in bilayer graphene using infrared spectroscopy. Physical Review B 2009, 80, 165406. Morozov, S. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Schedin, F.; Elias, D. C.; Jaszczak, J. A.; Geim, A. K., Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Physical Review Letters 2008, 100 (1). Barlas, Y; Cote, R.; Nomura, K.; MacDonald, A. H., Inter-Landau-level cyclotron resonance in bilayer graphene. Physical Review Letters 2008, 101 (9). KrsticÃÅ' , V; Obergfell, D.; Hansel, S.; Rikken, G. L. J. A.; Blokland, J. H.; Ferreira, M. S.; Roth, S., Grapheneà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Metal Interface: Two-Terminal Resistance of Low-Mobility Graphene in High Magnetic Fields. Nano Letters 2008, 8 (6), 1700-1703. Bisti, V. E.; Kirova, N. N., Charge Density Excitations in Bilayer Graphene in High Magnetic Field. Jetp Lett. 2009, 90 (2), 120-123. Nomura, K; MacDonald, A. H. Physical Review Letters2006, 96, (25), 256602. Malard, L. M; Pimenta, M. A.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S., Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Physics Reports 2009, 473, 51-87. Calizo, I; Bejenari, I.; Rahman, M.; Guanxiong, L.; Balandin, A. A., Ultraviolet Raman microscopy of single and multilayer graphene. Journal of Applied Physics 2009, 106, 043509 (5 pp.). Hao, Y. F; Wang, Y. Y.; Wang, L.; Ni, Z. H.; Wang, Z. Q.; Wang, R.; Koo, C. K.; Shen, Z. X.; Thong, J. T. L., Probing Layer Number and Stacking Order of Few-Layer Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy. Small 2010, 6 (2), 195-200. Ni, Z. H.; Wang, Y. Y.; Yu, T.; Shen, Z. X., Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging of Graphene. Nano Res. 2008, 1 (4), 273-291. Ferrari, A. C.; Meyer, J. C.; Scardaci, V.; Casiraghi, C.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F.; Piscanec, S.; Jiang, D.; Novoselov, K. S.; Roth, S.; Geim, A. K., Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers. Physical Review Letters 2006, 97, 187401. Ni, Z. H.; Wang, H. M.; Kasim, J.; Feng, H. Y. P.; Shen, Z. X., Graphene thickness determination using reflection and contrast spectroscopy. Nano Letters 2007, 7, 2758-63. Zhang, C. H.; Joglekar, Y. N. Physical Review B 2008, 77, (23), 233405. Ezawa, M., Intrinsic Zeeman effect in graphene. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 2007, 76 (9). Barlas, Y.; Cà ´tà ©, R.; Nomura, K.; MacDonald, A. H. Physical Review Letters